Cessna Door

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Cessna Door
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It was over 50 years ago that the author made his first Monday with aerial photography. The occasion was right after the terrible floods 1955 in northwestern Connecticut. Since that time it has remained a steady source of income. So work is not hard and it produces a steady stream of income.

The author first went into this business over 50 years ago. It seemed that the accepted way of doing business then was to take the photographs first, and then try to sell them. It didn't take too long for the author to realize that this was a fast way of going broke. After about the first year the author switched his tactics and went actively seeking customers.

It absolutely amazes me how well this worked we managed to get a list of clients that reads like the Fortune 500. It seemed that the larger the company the more willing they were to spend money on aerial photographs of their property. This included the top 10 companies on the Fortune 500 list, as well as hundreds of lesser clients. The lesser clients actually paid for most of the work that was done by the author.

Most of the assignments that the author developed were made by telephone. This included any number of real interesting clients. One of the clients that developed called me on the phone cold early on eight March morning. The author answered the phone and the voice on the other end inquired if he was home. Obviously he was or he would not of answered the phone. Once the person on the other end became aware that he was speaking to me he introduced himself over the phone with this, "Good morning my name is Stephen Spielberg."

My answer to that was, "Yeah, well I'm the King of England."

He assured me that he was indeed Steven Spielberg, and he needed some aerial photographs for the movie the Amistad. This was a movie about a cargo of slaves that took over a slave ship named the Amistad. As interesting as these assignments were, this was the kind of assignments I got. Over 50 years later I'm still getting assignments called in to me although I am no longer actively soliciting assignments.

One of the things that most people never believe even when they hear it is how much money there actually is in the aerial photography. Now we don't do anything special in taking these photographs. We work with a single lens reflex 35mm camera. It is actually an Olympus IS-3. All of the photographs we take are obliques. We initially deliver to the customer 4 x 6 inch proofs. These are large enough for the customer to see what he is getting an order whatever additional prints he wants. Very rarely, do any of these prints exceed 11 x 14 inches in size. If the customer doesn't want larger prints may have to tell me at the very beginning so that I can take the photographs with a camera that makes larger negatives. This camera is a Linhof Aerotechnika that takes a 6 x 7 mm negative. With a negative of this size you are able to enlarge the print to a much larger size. The largest photos we have ever made are 4 x 5 feet.

To take these photos we use both airplanes and helicopters. The ideal airplane is a Cessna 172 Skyhawk. The front seat window conveniently opens up, and swings up under the wing allowing you a clear shot of the site. The alternative when we are using a helicopter we take the passenger door off and just shoot out the open door.

With an airplane you are a limited to how close you can fly into the ground under normal circumstances the minimum altitude is 1000 feet, or over open countryside 500 feet. In practice however, we don't like to use an airplane under 1000 feet. Any photographs that we have to take at lower altitudes are made using a helicopter.

With a helicopter you are legally able to come in at a lower altitude. This has many advantages when you are photographing small sites, but under most circumstances you are able to work with an airplane for a little over $100 an hour versus using a helicopter for about four times more.

In order to make this pay I tried a bunch the assignments together, so that I am taking more than one assignment per flight. I prefer having it leased for assignments or as many as eight per flight.

Aerial photography is a very interesting business, and you meet some of the most interesting people while doing business. One of the things that we don't recommend doing though is trying to be both photographer and the pilot. You can't do both jobs at once, and you should have a pilot along to fly a plane or helicopter while you are doing the photographs. This is from my own bitter experience many years ago where I did try it, and almost killed me.

John Angus Carter

Simulation cockpit

Aircraft Simpits

A homebuilt Boeing style simulator utilizing generic hardware

By their very nature aircraft cockpits tend to have complex controls, instrumentation, and radios not present in other types of simulation. Recreating these present specific additional challenges to anyone building a cockpit. Aircraft components are often expensive to purchase, and access to real aircraft cockpits is likely to be restricted due to security concerns, especially in the wake of the 9/11 attacks or if the builder has chosen a current military aircraft.

A way to avoid a lot of the pitfalls is to not replicate a specific aircraft, simply a class of aircraft. Thus creating a generic GA, airliner, or military cockpit, which while it will not have every button or switch of the real aircraft, will have all the key elements for simulation. The other end of the scale is to build an exact 1:1 replica of the real cockpit, utilizing real panels or even a complete cockpit from the chosen plane. All cockpit builds will be somewhere between these two concepts, and even highly accurate replica pits will often make some concessions, if only due to limitations of the simulation software driving them.

For replica pits the choice of aircraft will be key. With the growth of home cockpits there are a number of companies who sell complete kits for common aircraft. Thus details of current Airbus and Boeing aircraft panels are fairly easy to obtain. For older aircraft museums or aircraft scrap yards can be valuable sources of information. However while research will often locate a lot of information, sometimes it is a minor detail that is needed. For example how wide is the center pedestal, how far from the instruments is the warning panel, and how large should it be? Where the information is not in the public domain, more subtle techniques have been developed to obtain the information. For example pixel counting from a digital photo of the aircraft. By counting the pixels in an item of known size, for example a standard cockpit instrument, a scale can be established. This can then be used to estimate the size of unknown elements in the panel. Accuracy will vary depending on the quality of the photo located, the angle the shot was taken from, etc. However this can give a good guideline on dimensions in situations where there may be no other source of information.

The level of functionality will also vary within the 'pit'. Very realistic looking pits may have non functioning instruments, simply in place to complete the 'feel' of the cockpit. At the top end of realism would be individual real instruments, either modified from actual aircraft components or replicated. This approach provides the maximum immersion, but presents complexity with interface electronics and driver software needing to be fabricated. A compromise between the two is to display the instruments on a monitor and mount this behind the panel. The simulated instruments can then be seen through the cutouts which can give a realistic effect, especially if the aircraft uses 'glass cockpit' displays in real life.

Many pit builders go through the process of building a basic, low-spec compromise pit first, just to give them a dedicated environment to practice their hobby. The lessons learned in this process can be put to good use if they later decide to build a high-spec compromise or replica pit, which requires a great deal of time, effort and passion to complete.

General Aviation

A homebuilt simulator panel utilizing commercially available instruments

Home based simulators have been a common training aid for private pilots for many years. Recently the increased power of home PCs and improvements in graphics and simulation technology has opened up further opportunities to utilize a PC as a training aid. While early simulators allowed instrument approaches to be practiced, with photographic scenery add ins pilots can now practice visual flights and navigation. Rehearsing a flight in the PC, before performing it in the real world, making training sessions in the real aircraft more productive.

Recognizing this market a number of suppliers provide ready to go desktop simulation products. Radio stacks, instruments, yokes, pedals, throttle quadrants, and seats are readily available from pilot shops. This allows a highly realistic GA cockpit to be put together in a matter of minutes. However an enthusiast is likely to extend well beyond the functional cockpit a trainee would require, adding in items to enhance the sense of disbelief. Enclosures, projectors, even real aircraft components or nose sections are commonly incorporated in the drive to make the experience as 'real' as possible.

Commercial Aviation

A home built Airbus simulator cockpit

While General Aviation pits are often put together for real pilots to train on, commercial aircraft pits are often purely for entertainment. Very few people will have the opportunity to pilot a real airliner, however a realistic home simulator will provide a highly immersing experience.

Commercial airliner pits offer a greater challenge to builders as there are more systems to model such as the auto pilot, CDU/FMS, engine management, etc. Even the throttle quadrant is a complex piece of engineering compared to the simply replicated push / pull throttle used in the GA Cessna. However a number of commercial suppliers exist supplying replica panels, controls, even complete cockpits to the community. Where these or 'real' components are not available or are out of budget builders will often fabricate components at home out of wood or similar easily worked materials.

With most modern aircraft utilizing 'Glass Cockpit' displays it has become easier to create highly realistic panels. The displays on these panels can be driven by multi head graphics cards, or networked PCs running dedicated software that can read from the simulator spreading the processing load. Interfaces for switches, knobs, and other elements needed can be purchased commercially or created by dismantling existing hardware such as keyboards or joysticks. Feedback from the PC to the panel, for example to light warning lamps or move real instrument is more complex and normally completed through a commercial expansion board.

Military Aviation

The 3rd common genre for a simpit is the military pit. Like commercial pits these sims are more for entertainment than training. Military based pits are commonly based on a single aircraft, often the Falcon due to the availability of highly realistic simulation software (Falcon 4.0) of this aircraft.

Software

One of the first software requirements for a simpit is a suitable flight simulator to provide the graphics, sound and instrument outputs for the pit. To date, the majority of civilian simpits are built around Microsoft Flight Simulator, and most military pits use Falcon 4.0 as a base.

The choice is expanding as more simulation developers include data-out facilities in their sims. Most recently, Lock On - Modern Air Combat has added data export through Lua, making it a serious contender for a modern jet simpit.

Voice communication (VOIP) software is commonly integrated into a simpit, as this allows real-time communication with other virtual pilots. The most popular choices at the moment are Ventrilo and TeamSpeak.

Other software may be custom written to control hardware aspects of the pit; e.g. an interpreter for an MFD or a custom listener to implement an AoA Indexer. In many cases the need for custom software can be removed by using control hardware with a comprehensive SDK or API, but when you really need that unique instrument and nobody has an off-the-shelf solution for it, hacking code is the only way to get it.

Examples

Helicopter simulators by Ryan Aerospace (Australia)

Simkits gallery

F-15C Simulator based on F-15C 80-0007

Airbus A340 Cockpit

Generic Twin Engine Pit

F-16 Simpit

Video

A320 Cockpit (Ger/Eng)

Control Loaders and Motion Bases

External links

Simpits:

Helicopter Simulators and Hardware

Helicopter simulators by Ryan Aerospace (Australia)

Helicopter simulator

Simulation Cockpit Builders Group

Simpit WebRing

FScockpit: introduction to flight simulator cockpit construction

ViperPit Forum - the definitive forum for F-16 pits

Frugalsworld Simpit Forum

Home of F4Glass Falcon 4 glass instruments

The Lua programming language (simulation data export)

Do It Yourself Flight Simulators (DIY videos)

SIMInstruments simpit hardware (commercial)

Simkits simpit hardware(commercial)

EPIC hardware interface (commercial)

Mike's Flight Deck - introduction to simpit building

The Akers-Barnes portable simpit design

Helicopter simpits at Hovercontrol

Fighterops.com Simpit builders forum

Cockpit builders directory

Home cockpit

Electronics for pitbuilders:

allaboutcircuits.com - excellent basic electronics and helpful forum

bit-tech forums - active modding forum with lots of useful topics

Mike's Flight Deck Books: source for book on building simulated aircraft instruments (commercial)

TouchScreen application for building fully programmable ICPs, MFDs etc

FSXpand - Simulates Aircraft Instruments

How to create an inexpensive generic panel with no electronics knowledge

Suppliers of parts (Plug and Play) for the simmers with no electronic knowledge

Sims:

FlightGear (free/open-source sim)

Combat Helo (free sim in development)

X-Plane (commercial sim)

Falcon 4 (commercial sim)

Falcon 4: Allied Force (latest commercial version of Falcon 4)

Lock On - Modern Air Combat (commercial sim)

IL2 Sturmovik: Forgotten Battles (commercial sim)

Pacific Fighters (commercial sim)

FS2004 (commercial sim)

Fighter Ops (commercial sim in development)

Ventrilo

TeamSpeak.

References

^ Herd, Andrew (2004-11-09). "Flight Training software". Pilot (Archant Specialist). http://www.pilotweb.aero/content/articles/view_article.aspx?id=3230. Retrieved 2007-10-26. 

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About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about tray food warmer , magnetic door blinds.

Where is the stall warning censor on a Cessna 152?

I mean the vent on the outside...

Ok, so there is the static port in front of the door on the left fuselage, and the fuel vent on the left wing... Which one is the stall warning one?

Thanks!

Most 150s and 152s have the old "Kazoo" stall warning horn, which has no moving parts and no electrical connections. It just uses a little inlet funnel in the leading edge of the left wing that is shaped so air enters it when the angle of attack is steep.

So it isn't really a sensor, but a geometrically sensitive air tube. Get your instructor to point it out to you on your next dual flight.

Owner of plane that 'Barefoot Bandit' allegedly stole talks to WHAS
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. (WHAS11) – Colton Harris-Moore has been on the run for nearly two years after escaping a juvenile corrections facility in the state of Washington.  Sunday, the teen known as the ‘Barefoot Bandit’ was finally stopped.  Harris-Moore, 19, was arrested in the Bahamas. He's accused of stealing cars, boats and at least five airplanes in efforts to elude authorities across the U.S ...

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