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Aviation Zulu
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People instinctively seem to know how important weather is to their daily lives, especially in areas where it changes often. This is important because an unprotected individual in the face of severe weather can be significantly injured or killed by its effects. Having at least a cursory understanding of what the weather is will mean that you are not only more informed and educated, but will be better able to determine what, if any actions you can take to protect yourself and make wise decisions concerning the weather around you at any given time.
Broadly defined, weather is "a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmosphere at a given time." It occurs in the hydrosphere and troposphere. The hydrosphere is any part of the earth or its atmosphere in which water or water vapour is found. The troposphere, on the other hand, is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and contains about 95 percent of the mass of air in the earth's atmosphere. The troposphere extends from the Earth's surface up to about 10 to 15 kilometres. Weather happens because of temperature and moisture differences between one place and another. Differences occur because of variations in the angle of the sun at any particular location. Weather means current activity and climate is related to the average conditions over longer periods of time.
Specialized weather conditions such as hurricanes need to be given attention here because of the significant influence they have over warm areas. Areas of particular concern are the tropics and warm U.S. states where hurricanes and other severe weather phenomena exist regularly. A hurricane is a low pressure zone funnelling surrounding warm air to the ground. A hurricane is the same as a cyclone. The difference comes from the area of the ocean that the storm forms. Cyclones are responsible for a wide variety of different meteorological phenomena such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes. The result is that weather forecasters usually further defines the term with another. A hurricane is itself a commonly cited chaotic phenomenon for it consists of elements that come spontaneously to form complex systems. The elements together are a greater risk than the pieces when considered individually.
Weather might also be defined this way: weather is the short-lived condition of the air. It can be called "short-lived" because it can change rapidly. For example in some places like Melbourne, Australia you could experience three weather patterns in one day. Weather is logical; it is a straight cause and effect situation. The problem is that the cause is often unknown.
As stated earlier, weather can have a significant impact on the environment around us. It is important to accurately predict certain outcomes of particular types of weather. This is the case, for example when dealing with forest and brush fires. Weather is often the most influential variable. People in charge of controlling wildfires must understand how fire may react to an alteration in the weather, such as a wind change. Wind and water conditions, such as water availability are a large determining factor affecting how fire crews respond. Many times aspects of fire control and containment include "controlled burns". A controlled burn refers to" prescribed or controlled burning of a specific area to prevent it spreading further where containment may be far less certain. It is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming and prairie restoration".
It is important to understand weather and because of how it can affect basic tasks that people often take for granted. Such commonplace activities include driving a car. Weather is one environmental risk factor that is known to affect road crash rates around the world. If a person were informed of weather conditions that might significantly impair the safe driving of a vehicle, the prudent driver would pull over until a specific weather condition has passed. Seeking appropriate shelter strong enough to withstand the present conditions is also advised.
It is also good to be aware of common weather terms that are heard everyday like "wind chill". Wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by wind and cold. As the wind increases, it draws heat from the body, driving down skin temperature and, eventually, the internal body temperature. Another significant term used in weather prediction is Zulu time. Meteorologists use Zulu time, which is the standard time in Greenwich, England, in their forecasts, such as for aviation, to avoid confusion with time zones in forecasts for far-away locations. Air traffic controllers use it for the same reason. Standardization is important to avoid confusion in different places. Another common term is "jet stream". Jet stream relates to the strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air. . Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbit, sunlight is at different angles at different times of the year. This results in temperature changes. Temperature differences than cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes.
Lastly it is important to realize how volatile and sensitive the atmospheric system is. Small changes in one part of the system can have a huge impact on the whole. Weather forecasting makes use of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time at a particular location. It is hoped that this brief explanation of weather in general with reference to more specific weather phenomena will help you gain a more clear understanding of it, how it affects you and what certain, common terms used frequently actually mean. Appreciation is hereby expressed to Google for general definitions of specific weather terms. You can learn how to use the define feature with the following syntax to learn meanings for terms you specify this way; "define:term" where term refers to the term you are frying to define. Look for additional articles at the websites given at the end of this article.
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A Special Feature on the Different Variations of the Military Alphabet
Overview
Throughout the years, many people from all over the world have come up with their very own alphabets. Otherwise known as phonetic alphabet, the military alphabet was first used by soldiers to communicate clearly with one another in the fields of battle. Until now, this form of communication is still widely used all over the world, not only in relation to military missions but also in other special fields of interest.
Amongst its many variations, the most widely recognized military alphabet in the world today is the standard military alphabet that was initiated by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO a very long time ago. In some parts of the globe, groups and organizations refer to it as the International Civil Aviation Organization code. In addition to the NATO standard military alphabet, three of the most commonly used military alphabet today are the one that was used by the U.S. Navy before 1954, another one that was initiated by the U.S. Army in 1916, as well as the so-called Western Union phonetic alphabet.
Variations of the Military Alphabet
NATO Standard Military Alphabet
The NATO standard military alphabet started with the military alliance called NATO, which was formed in 1949. From then on, this particular military alphabet has been linked to soldiers as well as military personnel, who continuously use this code to communicate with one another in a clear and highly understandable manner. In this kind of alphabet system, the term 'Alpha' is equivalent to the letter A, 'Bravo' to letter B, and 'Charlie' to letter C. For the letters D, E, and F, the corresponding words are 'Delta,' 'Echo,' and 'Foxtrot.' Meanwhile, the terms 'Golf,' 'Hotel,' and 'India' correspond to the letters G, H, and I, while 'Juliet,' 'Kilo,' and 'Lima' stand for the letters J, K, and L.
Halfway through the NATO standard military alphabet, the words 'Mike,' 'November,' and 'Oscar' stand for the letters M, N, and O, while the terms 'Papa,' 'Quebec,' and 'Romeo' correspond to the letters P, Q, and R. Furthermore, 'Sierra,' 'Tango,' and 'Uniform' are the corresponding words for the letters S, T, and U, as the words 'Victor,' 'Whiskey,' 'X-ray,' 'Yankee,' and 'Zulu' correspond to the letters V, W, X, Y, and Z.
The U.S. Navy Military Alphabet Prior 1954
The military alphabet that the U.S. Navy used prior 1954 contains different corresponding terms for the letters, except for the letters C, M, V, and X, which are entirely the same as the previous military alphabet. In the meantime, the terms 'Able,' 'Baker,' and 'Dog' stand for the letters A, B, and D, while the words 'Easy,' 'Fox,' and 'George' are used in exchange for the letters E, F, and G. For the letters H, I, and J, soldiers use the terms 'How,' 'Item,' and 'Jig,' while the letters K, L, and N stand for the words 'King,' 'Love,' and 'Nan.' Likewise, they also use the words 'Oboe,' 'Peter,' and 'Queen' to represent the letters O, P, and Q, while the terms 'Roger,' 'Sugar,' and 'Tare' can replace the letters R, S, and T. Lastly, the words 'Uncle,' 'William,' 'Yoke,' and 'Zebra' stand for the letters U, W,Y, and Z.
About the Author
Kim Hald is writing military information and military history articles for both
Liberty Lib
Military Alphabet info and
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Military Alphabet info web sites.
How do Chinese planes identify themselves? NATO planes use the NATO alphabet ie Alfa, Bravo, etc?
Aviation related question.
Basically, how do Chinese air/sea/land vessels identify themselves and relay information (co-ordinates, numbers) over the radio? Military and civilian?
NATO countries use the NATO alphabet (Alfa, Bravo, Charlie... Yankee, Zulu) to spell on the radio.
So am just wondering how the Chinese communicate over the radio waves.
Any insight or general discussion from international aviation guidelines to Chinese linguistics is most welcome! 
Radio communication for all international flights is conducted in English. Chinese pilots speak in English when flying abroad. English is used because it is the most widely spoken first and second language in the world, and for safety reasons everyone, everywhere must speak the same language when flying internationally.
The NATO alphabet is also used universally for international flights.
There are problems with some Asian airlines in terms of English proficiency, occasionally severe enough to endanger safety. These problems stem from a lack of commitment on the part of some airlines and/or aviation authorities to verify and enforce ICAO English proficiency standards. Although English is very different from Chinese and so it is more difficult for a Chinese person to learn than it would be for a German or even a Japanese pilot, motivated and intelligent crew members can become fluent if the will to succeed is present.
New AH-1Z helicopter cockpit simulator ready to train Marine Corps Cobra pilots
NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND, PATUXENT RIVER, Md. | As the Naval Air Systems Command announced yesterday, the first and only AH-1Z full-motion cockpit simulator was declared ready for training May 28...
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